Illiteracy and untreated mental disorders represent persistent and interrelated challenges within the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ), undermining rehabilitation efforts and increasing recidivism risk. National estimates indicate that a substantial proportion of incarcerated adults read below a fourth-grade level, and emerging Texas-based research suggests high rates of dyslexia and undiagnosed mental health conditions among justice-involved populations. These deficits impede meaningful participation in correctional education, vocational training, and therapeutic programming, thereby weakening reintegration outcomes and straining public resources. This policy analysis evaluates two reform pathways: a legislative mandate model requiring enforceable reporting and funding provisions, and an administrative oversight model grounded in judicial compliance and institutional accountability. The findings suggest that a dual-track strategy, immediate administrative implementation reinforced by subsequent legislative codification, offers the most effective and sustainable approach. By institutionalizing systematic screening, transparent reporting, and measurable performance indicators, Texas can strengthen constitutional compliance, reduce recidivism, enhance workforce participation, and promote long-term public safety.